I teach on the following undergraduate modules:
 

• Cognitive Psychology II (C82COG)
• Practical Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience (C82MHC)
• Final Year Research Projects (C83MPR)

I am Course Director of the Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience BSc degree course (C850)

Broadly speaking my research addresses the psychological, neural and computational mechanisms underlying our ability to perceive the visual world. Interests include:
 

• Motion perception
• Spatial vision
• Binocular vision and stereopsis
• Clinical anomalies of vision (e.g. Amblyopia)
• Letter perception and visual search
• Visual recognition memory

I employ a range of research techniques including:

• Psychophysical (behavioural) methods
• Computational modeling
• Electrophysiological recording
• Brain imaging (fMRI and optical imaging)
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
• Eye-movement recording

My research is currently funded by the BBSRC (3-year responsive research grant) and the University of Nottingham. More information about me and the other members of the Vision Group in the School of Psychology can be found at:

http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/research/vision

PUBLISHED JOURNAL ARTICLES AND BOOK CHAPTERS
 

Aaen-Stockdale, C.R., Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (in press). Second-order optic flow deficits in Amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science.

Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, J. (in press). Choice reaction times for identifying the direction of first-order motion and different varieties of second-order motion. Vision Research.

Pitchford, N.J., Ledgeway, T., & Masterson, J. (in press). Reduced orthographic learning in Dyslexic adult readers: Evidence from patterns of letter search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.

Pitchford, N.J., Ledgeway, T. & Masterson, J. (in press). Effect of orthographic processes on letter position encoding. Journal of Research in Reading.

Aaen-Stockdale, C.R., Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2007). Second-order optic flow processing. Vision Research, 47, 1698-1808.

Hess, R.F., Hutchinson, C.V., Ledgeway, T. & Mansouri, B. (2007). Binocular influences on global motion processing in the human visual system. Vision Research, 47, 1682-1692.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2007). Asymmetric spatial frequency tuning of motion mechanisms in human vision revealed by masking. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 48, 3897-3904.

Schofield, A.J., Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, C.V. (2007). Asymmetric transfer of the dynamic motion after-effect between first- and second-order cues and among different second-order cues. Journal of Vision, 7(8):1, 1-12, http://journalofvision.org/7/8/1/, doi:10.1167/7.8.1.

Webb, B.S., Ledgeway, T. & McGraw, P.V. (2007). Cortical pooling algorithms for judging global motion direction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 3532-3537.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2006). Sensitivity to spatial and temporal modulations of first-order and second-order motion. Vision Research, 46, 324-335.

Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2006). The spatial frequency and orientation selectivity of the mechanisms that extract motion-defined contours. Vision Research, 46, 568-578.

Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, C.V. (2006). Is the direction of second-order, contrast-defined motion patterns visible to standard motion-energy detectors: A model answer? Vision Research, 46, 556-567.

Simmers, A.J., Ledgeway, T., Mansouri, B., Hutchinson, C.V. & Hess, R.F. & (2006). The extent of the dorsal extra-striate deficit in Amblyopia. Vision Research, 46, 2571-2580.

Ledgeway, T., Hess, R.F. & Geisler, W.S. (2005). Grouping local orientation and direction signals to extract spatial contours: Empirical tests of association field models of contour integration. Vision Research, 44, 2511-2522.

Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, C.V. (2005). The influence of spatial and temporal noise on the detection of first-order and second-order orientation and motion direction. Vision Research, 45, 2081-2094.

Ledgeway, T., Zhan, C., Johnson, A., Song, Y. & Baker, C.L. Jr. (2005). The direction-selective contrast response of area 18 neurons is different for first- and second-order motion. Visual Neuroscience, 22, 87-99.

Mitchell, P., Ledgeway, T. & Landry, O. (2005). Abnormal motion perception in autism: Implications for primacy, heterogeneity, diagnosis and further research. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 23, 143-152.

Simmers, A.J., Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2005). The influences of visibility and anomalous integration processes on the perception of global spatial form versus motion in human Amblyopia. Vision Research, 45, 449-460.

Zhan, C., Ledgeway, T. & Baker, C.L. Jr. (2005). Contrast response in visual cortex: Quantitative assessment with intrinsic optical signal imaging and neural firing. NeuroImage, 26, 330-346.

Allen, H.A., Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2004). Poor encoding of position by contrast-defined motion. Vision Research, 44, 1985-1999.

Ellemberg, D., Lewis, T.L., Dirks, M., Maurer, D., Ledgeway, T., Guillemot, J-P. & Lepore, F. (2004). Putting order into the development of sensitivity to global motion. Vision Research, 44, 2403-2411.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2004). Spatial frequency selective masking of first-order and second-order motion in the absence of off-frequency looking. Vision Research, 44, 1499-1510.

Wright, M.J. & Ledgeway, T. (2004). Interaction between luminance gratings and disparity gratings. Spatial Vision, 17, 51-74.

Allen, H.A. & Ledgeway, T. (2003). Attentional modulation of threshold sensitivity to first-order motion and second-order motion patterns. Vision Research, 43, 2927-2936.

Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2003). The detection of direction-defined and speed-defined spatial contours: One mechanism or two? Vision Research, 43, 597-606.

Simmers, A.J., Ledgeway, T., Hess, R.F. & McGraw, P.V. (2003). Deficits to global motion processing in human Amblyopia. Vision Research, 43, 729-738.

Dakin, S.C., Hess, R.F., Ledgeway, T. & Achtman, R.L. (2002). What causes non-monotonic tuning of fMRI response to noisy images? Current Biology, 12, R476-R477.

Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2002). Rules for combining the outputs of local motion detectors to define simple contours. Vision Research, 42, 653-659.

Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2002). Failure of direction-identification for briefly presented second-order motion stimuli: Evidence for weak direction-selectivity of the mechanisms encoding motion. Vision Research, 42, 1739-1758.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (2001). Motion detection in human vision: A unifying approach based on energy and features. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 1889-1899.

Hess, R.F., Ledgeway, T. & Dakin, S. (2000). Impoverished second-order input to global linking in human vision. Vision Research, 40, 3309-3318.

Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2000). The properties of the motion-detecting mechanisms mediating perceived direction in stochastic displays. Vision Research, 40, 3585-3597.

Te Pas, S.F., Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (2000). Curvature contrast in stereoscopically-defined surfaces. Current Psychology Letters: Behaviour, Brain & Cognition, 1, 117-126.

Ledgeway, T. (1999). Discrimination of the speed and direction of global second-order motion in stochastic displays. Vision Research, 39, 3710-3720.

Ledgeway, T. & Rogers, B.J. (1999). The effects of eccentricity and vergence angle upon the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia revealed using the minimum motion paradigm. Perception, 28, 143-153.

Culham, J.C., Nishida, S., Ledgeway, T., Cavanagh, P., von Grunau, M.W., Kwas, M., Alais, D. & Raymond, J.E. (1998). Higher order effects. In Mather, G., Verstraten, F. & Anstis, S. (Eds.), The Motion After-effect: A Modern Perspective, (pp. 85-124). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1998). Sensitivity to second-order motion as a function of temporal frequency and eccentricity. Vision Research, 38, 403-410.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1997). Changes in perceived speed following adaptation to first-order and second-order motion. Vision Research, 37, 215-224.

Nishida, S., Ledgeway, T. & Edwards, M. (1997). Dual multiple-scale processing for motion in the human visual system. Vision Research, 37, 2685-2698.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1997). Separate detection of moving luminance and contrast modulations: Fact or artifact? Vision Research, 37, 45-62.

Ledgeway, T. (1996). How similar must the Fourier spectra of the frames of a random-dot-kinematogram be to support motion perception? Vision Research, 36, 2489-2495.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1995). The perceived speed of second-order motion and its dependence on stimulus contrast. Vision Research, 35, 1421-1434.

Keane, M.T., Ledgeway, T. & Duff, S.R.S. (1994). Constraints on analogical mapping: A comparison of three models. Cognitive Science, 18, 387-438.

Ledgeway, T. (1994). Adaptation to second-order motion results in a motion aftereffect for directionally-ambiguous test stimuli. Vision Research, 34, 2879-2889.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1994). Evidence for separate motion-detecting mechanisms for first- and second-order motion in human vision. Vision Research, 34, 2727-2740.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1994). The duration of the motion aftereffect following adaptation to first- and second-order motion. Perception, 23, 1211-1219.

Hammett, S.T., Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1993). Transparent motion from feature- and luminance-based processes. Vision Research, 32, 1119-1122.

Keane, M.T., Ledgeway, T. & Duff, S.R.S. (1991). Constraints on Analogical Mapping: The Effects of Similarity and Order. In Hammond, K.J. & Gentner, D. (Eds.), The Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, (pp. 275-280). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS
 

Hess, R.F., Hutchinson, C.V., Ledgeway, T. & Mansouri, B. (in press). Is global motion processed by mechanisms that are monocular, binocular or both? Perception (Supplement).

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (in press). The contrast-dependence of behavioural response latencies to different varieties of motion. Perception (Supplement).

Watt, R., Dakin, S. & Ledgeway, T. (in press). Families of models for the "Gabor Path" paradigm. Perception (Supplement).

Aaen-Stockdale, C.R., Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2007). Second-order optic flow processing in Amblyopia. Journal of Vision, 7, 393a, http://journalofvision.org/7/9/393/, DOI: 10.1167/7.9.393.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2007). Temporal response dynamics of motion processing in human vision: Modulation depth and speed. Perception (Supplement), 36, 92.

Hutchinson, C.V., Baker, C.L. Jr. & Ledgeway, T. (2007). Response to combined first-order and second-order motion in visual cortex neurons. Perception (Supplement),36, 305-306.

Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, C.V. (2007). Asymmetric spatial frequency tuning in the human visual motion system. Perception (Supplement),36, 307.

Ledgeway, T., Webb, B. & McGraw, P. (2007). What determines the perceived direction of global motion in displays composed of asymmetric distributions of local motions? Journal of Vision, 7, 402a, http://journalofvision.org/7/9/402/, DOI: 10.1167/7.9.402.

Stevens, L., McGraw, P. & Ledgeway, T. (2007). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) disrupts processing of translational, radial and rotational global motion within distinct epochs. Journal of Vision, 7, 400a, http://journalofvision.org/7/9/400/, DOI: 10.1167/7.9.400.

Watt, R., Ledgeway, T. & Dakin, S. (2007). Families of models for the Gabor path paradigm. Perception (Supplement), 36, 7-8.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2006). Are neural responses derived from different varieties of motion pooled at later stages of visual processing? Perception (Supplement), 35, 423.

Schofield, A.J., Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, C.V. (2006). Asymmetric transfer of the dynamic motion after-effect between first- and second-order cues. Perception (Supplement), 35, 238.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2005). First-order and second-order motion: A comparison of windows of visibility. Ophthalmologic and Physiological Optics, 25, 470-471.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2005). Responses of first-order motion energy detectors to second-order images: Modeling artifacts and artifactual models. Perception (Supplement), 34, 123-124.

Ledgeway, T. & Hutchinson, C.V. (2005). Investigating phase-specific interactions between different varieties of motion using a motion-cancellation paradigm. Perception (Supplement), 34, 11.

Wagstaffe, J.K., Pitchford, N.J. & Ledgeway, T. (2005). Does central fixation account for medial letter facilitation in visual search? Perception (Supplement), 34, 150.

Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2004). A second look at 2nd order linking. Journal of Vision, 4, 530a, http://journalofvision.org/4/8/530/, DOI: 10.1167/4.8.530.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2004). Do noise carriers impair the detection of motion direction in first-order and second-order patterns? Perception (Supplement), 33, 31-32.

Ledgeway, T., Zhan, C., Johnson, A., Song, Y. & Baker, C.L. Jr. (2004). Direction selectivity and the contrast response function of cortical neurones to first-order and second-order motion. Perception (Supplement), 33, 159-160.

Pitchford, N.J., Masterson, J & Ledgeway, T. (2004). Evidence for serial and global encoding of letter identity and position in a visual search task using skilled and dyslexic adult readers. Perception (Supplement), 33, 150.

Allen, H.A., Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2003). Discriminating the direction of randomly positioned contrast-defined motion. Journal of Vision, 3, 787a, http://journalofvision.org/3/9/787/, DOI: 10.1167/3.9.787.

Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2003). The spatial properties of motion-defined contours. Journal of Vision, 3, 532a, http://journalofvision.org/3/9/532/, DOI: 10.1167/3.9.532.

Hutchinson, C.V. & Ledgeway, T. (2003). Measurement of the spatial frequency tuning of second-order motion detectors using simultaneous masking in the absence of off-frequency looking. Perception (Supplement), 32, 101-102.

Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2002). Direction- and speed-defined spatial contours: One mechanism or two? Journal of Vision, 2, 121a, http://journalofvision.org/2/7/121/, DOI: 10.1167/2.7.121.

Ledgeway, T., Hess, R.F. & McGraw, P.V. (2002). Masking effects between local first-order and second-order motions in the extraction of global motion direction depend critically on stimulus visibility. Perception (Supplement), 31, 99-100.

Simmers, A.J., Ledgeway, T., Hess, R.F. & McGraw, P.V. (2002). Contrast and motion specific deficits in Amblyopia measured using the global motion paradigm. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 43, E-abstract 3941.

Wright, M. & Ledgeway, T. (2002). Interaction between luminance gratings and disparity gratings. Bulletin of the Applied Vision Association, 147, 18-19.

Zhan, C., Ledgeway, T. & Baker Jr., C.L. (2002). Optical imaging of contrast-dependent direction selectivity in visual cortex. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner, program number 657.4.  Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. CD-ROM.

Achtman, R.L., Dumoulin, S.O., Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2001). FMRI activation of striate and extra-striate areas by circumferential gratings and phase-scrambled patterns of varying contrast. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 42, 2195.

Ellemberg, D., Lewis, T.L., Dirks, M., Maurer, D., Ledgeway, T., Lepore, F. & Guillemot, J-P. (2001). Sensitivity to first-order and second-order global motion in 5-year-olds and adults. Perception (Supplement), 30, 32.

Hess, R.F. & Ledgeway, T. (2001). An association field for motion-defined contours. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 42, 2772.

Ledgeway, T. & Baker, C.L. Jr. (2001). A neurometric function analysis of the direction selectivity of visual cortex neurons as a function of stimulus contrast. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 27, 164.3.

Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (2001). Why is direction-identification impoverished for briefly presented second-order motion stimuli? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 42, 2854.

Ledgeway, T. & Hess, R.F. (1999). Multi-channel second-order motion. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 40, 2243.

Johns, A.M., Rogers, B.J., Eagle, R.A. & Ledgeway, T. (1998). Poor speed discrimination suggests that there is a specialized speed mechanism for cyclopean motion. Perception (Supplement), 27, 183.

Ledgeway, T. & Rogers, B.J. (1998). Does the stereoscopic system know or care about the geometric horoptors? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 39, 2860.

Lipson, M., Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (1998). Disparity scaling from differential perspective: Effects of surface shape and texture. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 39, 2898.

Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (1998). Sensitivity to the flatness and the curvature of slanting stereoscopic surfaces as a function of viewing distance. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 39, 913.

Ledgeway, T. & Rogers, B.J. (1997). Measurements of the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia in the two eyes as a function of elevation and eccentricity in the visual field. Perception (Supplement), 26, 39.

Ledgeway, T. & Rogers, B.J. (1997). The effects of eccentricity, vergence angle and elevation upon the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia revealed using the minimum motion paradigm. Bulletin of the Applied Vision Association, 122, 27.

Ledgeway, T. & Rogers, B.J. (1997). The visual system's sensitivity to absolute disparity using open-loop vergence. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 38, 4224. 

Ledgeway, T. & Rogers, B.J. (1997). The effects of eccentricity, vergence angle and elevation upon the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia revealed using the minimum motion paradigm. Perception (Supplement), 26, 1333.

Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (1997). Can vertical disparities recalibrate vergence signals? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 38, 4428.

Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (1997). Scaling of fronto-parallel surfaces by vertical disparities: Effects of field size, location and eccentricity. Perception (Supplement), 26, 30.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1997). Sensitivity to second-order motion as a function of drift temporal frequency and viewing eccentricity. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 38, 401.

Te Pas, S.F., Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (1997). A curvature contrast effect for stereoscopically-defined surfaces. Perception (Supplement), 26, 1337.

Te Pas, S.F., Rogers, B.J. & Ledgeway, T. (1997). A curvature contrast effect for stereoscopically-defined surfaces. Bulletin of the Applied Vision Association, 122, 35.

Greenlee, M.W., Lacina, T., Smith, A.T., Ledgeway, T. & Rad, E.W. (1996). Echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging of extrastriate cortex during global dot motion. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 37, 3394.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1996). Motion perception in high-pass filtered random dot patterns: motion energy, element-matching or both? Perception (Supplement), 25, 6.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1996). The second-order mechanism cannot detect direction at threshold. Applied Vision Association Newsletter, 117, 28.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1995). Effects of adaptation to second-order motion on perceived speed. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 36, 258.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1995). Second order motion: The carrier is crucial. Perception (Supplement), 24, 28.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1994). The perceived speed of second-order motion patterns. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 35, 1405.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1994). Dissociation of second-order motion and "long-range" motion by adaptation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 35, 1268.

Smith, A.T. & Ledgeway, T. (1994). Adaptation to non-Fourier motion. Ophthalmologic and Physiological Optics, 14, 439.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1993). Separate mechanisms for the detection of first- and second-order motion in human vision. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Supplement), 34, 1363.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1993). Adaptation to second-order motion results in a motion aftereffect for directionally-ambiguous test patterns. Perception (Supplement), 22, 89.

Ledgeway, T. & Smith, A.T. (1992). Adaptation to second-order motion: Direction-specific threshold elevation for direction-identification. Perception (Supplement), 21, 44.

Ledgeway, T. (1991). Semantic priming of face naming and familiarity decisions. British Psychological Society Abstracts, 51.